DE ORATORE AD QVINTVM FRATREM LIBRI TRES LIBER PRIMVS Cogitanti mihi saepe numero et memoria vetera repe- 1.1.1 tenti perbeati fuisse, Quinte frater, illi videri solent, qui in optima re publica, cum et honoribus et rerum gestarum gloria florerent, eum … This heavy requirements can discourage more than encourage persons and should more properly be applied to actors than to orators. 0 2 Hausaufgaben-Lösungen von Experten. LCL 348: 56-57. Roscius, a famous actor, often complained that he hadn't found a pupil who deserved his approval. No need of surprise, indeed, if he wanted to deprive the State of the Senate, after having ruined the first one with his disastrous projects. Cicero, De oratore 1, 26 – 34. Antonius believes that nothing can surpass the perfect orator. Can an advocate speak on legislation if he does not know law or how the administration process works? Crassus agrees to answer any questions from Cotta or Sulpicius, as long as they are within his knowledge or power.[14]. Some of these latest ones claim that one's soul must be kept away from passions and say it is a crime to excite them in the judges' souls. Go to page: Go To Section . Crassus does not deny that rhethoric technique can improve the qualities of orators; on the other hand, there are people with so deep lacks in the just cited qualities, that, despite every effort, they will not succeed. Antonius replies that he has noticed this sacredness in Crassus and other really good orators. A good senator does not become automatically a good orator and vice versa. At the beginning of the third book, which contains Crassus' exposition, Cicero is hit by a sad memory. De Oratore, Book III is the third part of De Oratore by Cicero. ... De Oratore, Book 1 Marcus Tullius Cicero No preview available - 2018. Download Full PDF Package. It is composed as a dialogue, featuring the two leading orators of the previous generation - L.Crassus and M.Antonius - and the date of the dialogue is set in 91 B.C., which gives it an additional historical interest, because few primary sources have survived for the history of that period. It was good decision making and laws that formed society, not eloquence. De Oratore ("On the Orator"; not to be confused with Orator) is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BCE. [10], Cicero mentions Aratos of Soli, not expert in astronomy, and yet he wrote a marvellous poem (Phaenomena). It is what creates civilization. Are you an author? Stilus optimus et praestantissimus dicendi effector ac magister (The pen is the best and most efficient creator and master of speaking). von Iulus » Sa 31. CONTENTS Preface page vii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Cicero and De oratore 1 (a) Circumstances of composition 1(b) The ‘ideal orator’ 4(c) Crassus’ speech (3.19–227) 92 Literary and historical background 19 (a) The dialogue form 19(b) The historical background 23(c) Setting and dialogi personae 283 Theoretical background 35 (a) The ‘schism’ between oratory and … Scaevola says that there are more examples of damage done by orators than good, and he could cite many instances. He tells Sulpicius that when speaking his ultimate goal is to do good and if he is unable to procure some kind of good then he hopes to refrain from inflicting harm. Cotta hesitates, but Mucius asks again Crassus to expose in detail his opinion about the perfect orator.[23]. Indeed, both the exercises on some court topics and a deep and accurate reflexion, and your stilus (pen), that properly you defined the best teacher of eloquence, need much effort. Other philosophers, more tolerant and more practical, say that passions should be moderate and smooth. After having known what he listened by Crassus, he blamed him; then Crassus replied that he was sure of his opinion by his competence on right. 4 De orat. Book 1 Book 2 Book 3. De oratore by Cicero ... 56. Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106–43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic.In his political speeches especially and in his correspondence we see the excitement, tension and intrigue of politics and the part … The dialogue is split into three books, and links to the translation of each part of these books can be found in the following table. Antonius surmises "that oratory is no more than average when viewed as an art". He revisits Crassus' understanding of the two issues that eloquence, and thus the orator, deals with. So did Nicander of Colophon, who wrote excellent poems on agriculture (Georgika). Cicero's De Oratore is a detailed study of the techniques and skills required by the ideal orator, writen in 55 B.C. In Antonius' opinion, Crassus gave an improper field to the orator, even an unlimited scope of action: not the space of a court, but even the government of a state. Skip to main content.sg. He decides to begin his case the same way he would in court, which is to state clearly the subject for discussion. Antonius agrees with Crassus for an orator, who is able to speak in such a way to persuade the audience, provided that he limits himself to the daily life and to the court, renouncing to other studies, although noble and honourable. This was a used exercise of his main adversary, Gaius Carbo. To speak effectively, the orator must have some knowledge of the subject. We will be able to listen from his very words the way he elaborates and prepares his speeches".[17]. Rutilius, a Roman and a consularis, wanted to imitate Socrates. Indeed, all that the Greeks have written in their treaties of eloquence or taught by the masters thereof, but Cicero prefers to report the moral authority of these Roman orators. [6], Cicero exposes a dialogue, reported to him by Cotta, among a group of excellent political men and orators, who came together to discuss the crisis and general decline of politics. "I will not tell you anything really mysterious", Crassus says the two listeners. 0 Reviews . Still, oratory belongs in the realm of art to some extent because it requires a certain kind of knowledge to "manipulate human feelings" and "capture people's goodwill". Cicero, De Oratore Book 3 Translated by J. S. Watson Formatted by C. Chinn I. He quotes the case of two orators, Ipseus and Cneus Octavius, which brought a lawsuit with great eloquence, but lacking of any knowledge of civil right. Or in this manner, if a man were to say, "Avarice is the greatest evil; for the desire of money causes great distress to numbers of people." We are not seeking a person who simply shouts before a court, but a devoted to this divine art, who can face the hits of the enemies, whose word is able to raise the citizens' hate against a crime and the criminal, hold them tight with the fear of punishment and save the innocent persons by conviction. But for an orator, there are so many requirements such as the subtility of a logician, the mind of a philosopher, the language of a poet, the memory of a lawyer, the voice of a tragic actor and the gesture of the most skilled actor. Neither nature nor any law or tradition prohibit that a man is skilled in more than one discipline. [45], As for the old age, that you claim relieved by loneliness, thanks to the knowledge of civil right, who knows that a large sum of money will relieve it as well? Marcus Cato, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Gaius Lelius, all eloquent persons, used very different means to ornate their speeches and the dignity of the state.[36]. Antonius continues by discussing the steps that he takes after accepting a case. Mär 2007, 17:14 ... Jul 2006, 16:56 Wohnort: municipium cisrhenanum prope Geldubam situm. However, since the objective is to look for The Perfect Orator, we must imagine one who has all the necessary traits without any flaws. 30 Full PDFs related to this paper. This paper. Notwithstanding the formulae of Roman civil right have been published by Gneus Flavius, no one has still disposed them in systematic order. Go To Section . De Oratore, Book 1, Book 1 Marcus Tullius Cicero Full view - 1904. Crassus replied: "You believe that the orator, Antonius, is a simple man of the art; on the contrary, I believe that he, especially in our State, shall not be lacking of any equipment, I was imaging something greater. To truly be a great orator, one must master the third branch: this is what distinguishes the great orator. Learn about Author Central. Using Antonius's example earlier, these people didn't lack the knowledge of oratory, they lacked the innate ability. Often paraphrased as Historia est Magistra Vitae, it conveys the idea that the study of the past should serve as a lesson to the future, and was an important pillar of classical, medieval and Renaissance historiography.. Ed. As for me, Crassus, let me treat trials, without having learnt civil right: I have never felt such a failure in the civil action, that I brought before the courts. 1755, printed for T. Waller in English - 2d ed. As regards the ornaments of style, first one is taught to speak with pure and Latin language (ut pure et Latine loquamur); second to express oneself clearly; third to speak with elegance and corresponding to the dignity of the arguments and conveniently. Crassus says that natural talent and mind are the key factors to be a good orator. Should he say something unpleasant, this would cancel also all the pleasant he said. 1 The treatise is thrown into the form of a dialogue, which Cicero represents as his somewhat imperfect reminiscence of a conversation which had taken place at the Tusculan villa of L. Licinius Crassus, and had been reported to him by C. Aurelius Cotta, one of the interlocutors. Roscius loves to repeat that the more he will go on with the age the more he will slow down the accompaniment of a flute-player and will make more moderate his chanted parts. If any of these qualities are absent then the orator should include how the person managed to succeed without them or how the person bore their loss with humility. But this later; now we want your opinion about exercises".[19]. In that occasion, everyone agreed that Crassus, the best orator of all, overcame himself with his eloquence. 1755, printed for T. Waller in English - 2d ed. [9], Anyone who can speak with knowledge upon a subject, can be called an orator as long as he does so with knowledge, charm, memory and has a certain style. Antonius also maintains that history is one of the greatest tasks for the orator because it requires a remarkable "fluency of diction and variety". Er hatte einen jüngeren Bruder Quintus Tullius Cicero, dem er zeitlebens eng verbunden blieb.. Seine Familie gehörte zur lokalen Oberschicht in Arpinum, einer Stadt im Gebiet der Volsker im Süden Latiums, deren Einwohner seit 188 v. Chr. READ PAPER. He was not completely removed from political life, though. Download PDF. Moreover, the audience is directed into the mood, in which the orator drives them. Cicero de oratore Adversarien zur lateinischen Grammatik. n. l.) Publilia: Děti: Marcus Tullius Cicero ml. Then Sulpicius says: "That is what we want to better know! Even if the study of law is wide and difficult, the advantages that it gives deserve this effort. The indefinite issue pertains to general questions while the specific issue addresses particular persons and matters. Can an advocate for or against war speak on the subject without knowing the art of war? Crassus says that this is quite an easy task, since he asks him to tell about his own oratory ability, and not about the art of oratory in general. Cotta replies that, given that Crassus stimulates them to dedicate themselves to oratory, now it is time to reveal the secret of his excellence in oratory. The poet is more encumbered by rhythm than the orator, but richer in word choice and similar in ornamentation. Many orators, such as Scipio and Laelius, which gained all results with a single tone, just a little bit elevated, without forcing their lungs or screaming like Servius Galba. This translation is by J.S.Watson (1860), altered in a few places to remove some antiquated words and phrases. After the judges condemned him, they asked him which punishment he would have believed suited for him and he replied to receive the highest honour and live for the rest of his life in the Pritaneus, at the state expenses. No, they are gifts of nature, that is the ability to invent, richness in talking, strong lungs, certain voice tones, particular body physique as well as a pleasant looking face. The complete phrase, with English translation, is: [31], Given that—Crassus continues—there is no need to further explain how much important is for the orator to know public right, which relates to government of the state and of the empire, historical documents and glorious facts of the past. An orator is very much like the poet. Countless men have become eminent in philosophy, because they have studied the matter thoroughly, either by scientific investigation or using dialectic methods. On the contrary I am waiting the loneliness of the old age like a quiet harbour: I think that free time is the sweetest comfort of the old age[46], As regards the rest, I mean history, knowledge of public right, ancient traditions and samples, they are useful. The rhetors' rules are useful means for the orator. 1.45-47. Scaevola agrees with Crassus's points except for two. Thereto also gathered Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Marcus Antonius Orator, Gaius Aurelius Cotta and Publius Sulpicius Rufus. Therefore, if Pericles was, at the same time, the most eloquent and the most powerful politician in Athens, we cannot conclude that both these distinct qualities are necessary to the same person. After first trying rhetoric without training or rules, using only natural skill, young orators listened and learned from Greek orators and teachers, and soon were much more enthusiastic for eloquence. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read De oratore: Band 1. Antonius, convinced by those arguments, says he wrote a pamphlet about them. Mär 2007, 17:54 . De Oratore (On the Orator; not to be confused with Orator) is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. 1755, printed for T. Waller in English - 2d ed. Imprint Rome: Ulrich Han (Udalricus Gallus), 5 Dec. 1468. De oratore - Cícero. Wenn du es 1 zu 1 abschreibst, wird dein Lehrer halt merken, dass du es kopiert hast. [41], You blame—Antonius continues—those advocates, who, although ignoring the fundamentals of right face legal proceedings, I can defend them, because they used a smart eloquence. Much of Book II is dominated by Marcus Antonius. Charmadas, finally stated that Antonius was a very docile listener, Crassus was a fighting debater. In a nutshell, Antonius thought Demosthenes appeared to be arguing that there was no "craft" of oratory and no one could speak well unless he had mastered philosophical teaching. Cannot we be taught about civil right, in so far as we feel not stranger in our country? As Antonius had previously explained, an Art is something that has been thoroughly looked at, examined and understood. Strabo und Sulla erwarb Cicero erste Erfahrungen als Prozessredner lateinisch orator Bereits als junger Mann hatte Cicero mit Interesse dem berühmten Marcus Ant 1.5) which required a summus orator {de Orat. All I tried to do, is to guide you to the sources of your desire of knowledge and on the right way.[32]. He then lists the three means of persuasion that are used in the art of oratory: "proving that our contentions are true, winning over our audience, and inducing their minds to feel any emotion the case may demand" (153). Fourth, you claim that, thanks to the civil right, honest men can be educated, because laws promise prices to virtues and punishments to crimes. Sulpicius exults: "At last the day we desired so much, Cotta, has come! Also, orators tend to be judged harsher than others, as they are required to know so much about so many topics. Rather, he preferred to expose simply the truth and he faced the cruel feeling of the judges without the protection of the oratory of Crassus. The man who does not have the natural ability for oratory, he should instead try to achieve something that is more within his grasp.[16]. Crassus agrees to answer their question. Cicero, de oratore 3, 14, 54. von consus » Sa 31. carefully rev. A short summary of this paper. Robert G. Nisbet (1939) Cicero: In L. Calpurnium Pisonem Oratio. What about—Crassus replies—if we ask Antonius now to expose what he keeps inside him and has not yet shown to us? Indeed, he stated that a good orator must shine of a good light himself, that is by his dignity of life, about which nothing is said by those masters of rhetoric. I was told that Publius Crassus, when was candidate for Aedilis and Servius Galba, was a supporter of him, he was approached by a peasant for a consult. Crassus again denies that he is this kind of man: he is talking about an ideal orator. Mucius praises Crassus and tells he did even too much to cope with their enthusiasm. Nevertheless, Crassus maintains his opinion that "oratorem plenum atque perfectum esse eum, qui de omnibus rebus possit copiose varieque dicere". 3, This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 17:44. I have only the feeling that they have not enough time to practice all that and it seems to me, Crassus, that you have put on these young men a heavy burden, even if maybe necessary to reach their objective. Cöslin 1839. Philosophy is divided into three branches: natural studies, dialectic and knowledge of human conduct (in vitam atque mores). Orators must have a knowledge in all important subjects and arts. The main task of an orator is to get speak in a proper way to persuade the audience; second, each speech can be on a general matter, without citing persons and dates, or a specific one, regarding particular persons and circumstances. Robin G. M. Nisbet (1961) Cicero: On the Ideal Orator (De Oratore) Eds James M. May and Jakob Wisse (2001) Cicero: Agrarian Speeches: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary. Textvorstellung und einführende Bemerkungen zum Text aus Ciceros de oratore Antonius then reports a past episode: Publius Rutilius Rufus blamed Crassus before the Senate spoke not only parum commode (in few adequate way), but also turpiter et flagitiose (shamefully and in scandalous way). you are contradictory, because you say it is an easy discipline, while you admit it is still not this way, but it will become such one day. READ PAPER. Because of his modesty in this speech, the others in the group elevate Crassus in status even higher. ... Incunabula: the Printing Revolution in Europe 1455-1500. A short summary of this paper. It was Gorgias that started this practice—which was great when he did it—but is so overused today that there is no topic, however grand, that some people claim they cannot respond to. Crassus finally considers how little attention is paid in learning the art of oratory versus other arts. Translated by J.S.Watson (1860), with some minor alterations. Cicero, Marcus Tullius: M. T. Cicero de Oratore: or, His Three Dialogues Upon the Character and Qualifications of an Orator, Translated into English, with Notes Historical and Explanatory, and an Introductory Preface (Boston: R. P. and C. Williams, 1822), ed. This sad episode caused pain, not only to Crassus' family, but also to all the honest citizens. Crassus' speech lasted a long time and he spent all of his spirit, his mind and his forces. Cicero, Marcus Tullius: De oratore ISTC No. Despite De Oratore (On the Orator) being a discourse on rhetoric, Cicero has the original idea of inspiring himself to Plato's Dialogues, replacing the streets and squares of Athens with a nice garden of a country villa of a noble Roman aristocrat. Pompey disregarded Cicero’s advice and renewed his compact with Caesar and Crassus at Luca in April 56. Translated into English with an introd. ex adversariorum LM ex adversario Laur. Prosa ein Akk. : Stangl's2) rursum has the merit that at least it tries to do something with the curious -rum of both manuscript classes. 1 there are his Orations for Quintius, Sextus Roscius, Quintus Roscius, against Quintus, Caecilius, and against Verres. [40], Antonius understands that Crassus has made a passionate mention to the civil right, a grateful gift to Scaevola, who deserves it. Oratory cannot possibly fit into this category. But he also noted that the (?) "De oratore" published on 01 Jan 2013 by De Gruyter (Berlin, Boston). Cicero tries to reproduce the feeling of the last days of peace in the old Roman republic. Moor by Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Moor, E. N. P. Publication date 1892 Publisher London Methuen ... download 1 file . grammarians and rhetoricians: maybe not so in 91 BC when De oratore took place, but for sure in 55 BC, when Cicero wrote his dialogue.7 3 See De orat. All energy and ability of the orator must apply to five steps: Before pronouncing the speech, it is necessary to gain the goodwill of the audience; He asks the orator to have a vigorous voice, a gentle gesture and a kind attitude. He expresses all his pain to his brother Quintus Cicero. Who can deny that an orator needs the gesture and the elegance of. bbbb. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius (orator), the other great orator of this dialogue, dies. One member, Scaevola, wants to imitate Socrates as he appears in Plato's Phaedrus. Watson), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Oratore&oldid=1007929604, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In summary, oratory is a combination of many things, and to succeed in maintaining all of these qualities is a great achievement. De oratore - Cícero. Tullia Ciceronis: Rodiče: Marcus Tullius Cicero a Helvia: Příbuzní: Quintus Tullius Cicero (sourozenec) multimediální obsah na Commons .[39]. De oratore by Cicero, 1942, Harvard University Press, William Heinemann, Ltd. edition, ... 56. He shares with Lucius Crassus, Quintus Catulus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Sulpicius his opinion on oratory as an art, eloquence, the orator’s subject matter, invention, arrangement, and memory.[a]. and cor. Ed. Crassus says he does not borrow from Aristotle or Theophrastus their theories regarding the orator. De oratore - Cícero. Antonius completely agrees that an orator must have natural gifts and no master can teach him them. Then he would give examples of generals, such as Scipio and Fabius Maximus and also Epaminondas and Hannibal. As a consequence, moral principles can be taken either by the examples of noble men of the past or by the great Greek philosophers, who provided ethical ways to be followed in their teaching and their works. At that time as much as when Cicero writes the dialogue, the crisis of the state is obsessing everyone and clashes deliberately with the pleasant and quiet atmosphere of the villa in Tusculum. De Oratore by Marcus Tullius Cicero (Author) › Visit Amazon's Marcus Tullius Cicero Page. Crassus went to the curia (the palace of the Senate) and heard the speech of Drusus, reporting Lucius Marcius Philippus' speech and attacking him. Finally, an orator must master “everything that is relevant to the practices of citizens and the ways human behave” and be able to utilize this understanding of his people in his cases. 1.5) which required a summus orator {de Orat. The Roman right is well more advanced than that of other people, including the Greek. They must also form a certain style through word choice and arrangement. De Oratore, Book 1, Book 1. Antonius offers two principles for an orator when arranging material. Sulpicius asks, "is there an 'art' of oratory?" According to one statement, the office was abolished by Lucius Cornelius Sulla. But, the orator cannot obtain his oratorical skills from any other source. ... Act i. sc 2, l.1. There is no art of speaking, and if there is an art to it, it is a very thin one, as this is just a word. And it seemed so strange that Scaevola approved that, despite he obtained consensus by the Senate, although having spoken in a very synthetic and poor way. He insists that the orator will not move his audience unless he himself is moved. Der altsprachliche Unterricht Latein, Griechisch. 2016;(6):14-17 Publisher: 'Moscow Medical - Social Institute named after Friedrich Haass' Year: 2016. If anyone believes that all this has been treated in a book of rhetoric, I disagree and I add that he neither realises that his opinion is completely wrong. Therefore, in your opinion, an expert of right is no more than a skilled and smart handler of right; but given that an orator often deals with right during a legal action, you have placed the science of right nearby the eloquence, as a simple handmaiden that follows her proprietress. [42], There are several kinds of trials, in which the orator can ignore civil right or parts of it, on the contrary, there are others, in which he can easily find a man, who is expert of right and can support him. SHOW ALL. Cicero landed at Brundisium on that day and was acclaimed all along his route to Rome, where he arrived a month later. Cicero announces that he will not expose a series of prescriptions but some principles, that he learnt to have been discussed once by excellent Roman orators. Choice of the historical background of the dialogue, Several eminent men in all fields, except oratory, Oratory is an attractive but difficult study, Responsibility of the orator; argument of the work, Thesis: the importance of oratory to society and the state, The orator can have technical skills, but must be versed in moral science, The orator, like the poet, needs a wide education, Scaevola, Crassus and Antonius debate on the orator, Crassus and Antonius debate on the orator's natural talent, Crassus replies to some objections by Cotta and Sulpicius, Crassus gives examples of orators not expert in civil right, Crassus' final praise of studying civil right, Views of Antonius, gained from his experience, Definition of orator, according to Antonius, Difference between an orator and a philosopher, Episodes of the past: Rutilius Rufus, Servius Galba, Cato and Crassus, Antonius: the orator need not a wide knowledge of right, Fundamentals of rhetorics according to Antonius, The summary of the dialogue in Book II is based on the translation and analysis by, On Oratory and orators (English translation), Cicero, De Oratore (translated by J.S. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. De oratore, Oratorianerkragen, Diane Davis, Rhetorikerin, Ralph J. Cicerone, Rhetorik, Orator edt ... americana Digitizing sponsor Brigham Young University Contributor Harold B. Lee Library Language English. Cicero, De Oratore. li Ciceró, en llatí Marcus Tullius Cicero, (Arpinum, 3 de gener de 106 aC - Formia, 7 de desembre de 43 aC) fou polític, filòsof i orador de l'antiga Roma. But the most striking thoughts and expressions come one after the other by the style; so the harmonic placing and disposing words is acquired by writing with oratory and not poetic rhythm (non poetico sed quodam oratorio numero et modo). Nos enim, qui ipsi sermoni non 16.1 interfuissemus et quibus C. Cotta tantum modo locos ac Cicero, de Oratore, historiography, style 1. Introduction Cicero famously declared history to be an opus oratorium maxime {leg. 2.51). This led to finding better words to use in his speeches as well as providing new neologisms that would appeal to the audience. He names disertus (easy-speaking), a person who can speak with sufficient clearness and smartness, before people of medium level, about whichever subject; Antonius believes that an audience can often be persuaded by the prestige or the reputation of a man. Ironically, since there is such a variety of lawsuits in the courts, people will listen to even the worst lawyer's speeches, something we would not put up with in the theatre. by … Antonius admires those who dedicated their time to study philosophy nor despites them, the width of their culture and the importance of this discipline. Unit 7 - Printing in Italy Before 1472 Part I, PI 56. It is something that is not an opinion, but is an exact fact. After Roman peace had been established, it seemed as though everyone wanted to begin learning the eloquence of oral rhetoric.
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