[257], The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot. Two months after the earthquake, mangaka Hirohiko Araki incorporated the earthquake itself into the story of JoJolion, the eighth installment of the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure series; while JoJolion is set several months after the fictional town of Morioh was devastated by the earthquake, the earthquake has a key role in the plot as it is the cause behind the emergence of the Wall Eyes, mysterious stone structures that ultimately set the story into motion. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[35][36] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[37] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland. The large number of views made the video one of the most popular examples of sonification on the web. [327], On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily[328] exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant. A wave measuring some 33 feet high inundated the coast and flooded parts of the city of Sendai, including its airport and the surrounding countryside. 37 rumbles. Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days, until running at approximately 80% capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves. The tsunami height that had been initially predicted by the tsunami warning system was lower than the actual tsunami height; this error contributed to the delayed escape of some residents. [276], To help alleviate the shortage, three steel manufacturers in the Kanto region contributed electricity produced by their in-house conventional power stations to TEPCO for distribution to the general public. [116][117], One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. [161] Near Ōarai, people captured images of a huge whirlpool that had been generated by the tsunami. The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant cooling system was damaged, raising fears of a meltdown. [96] These are expected changes[41] for an earthquake of this magnitude. The Tsukuba control center resumed full operations for the space station's Kibo laboratory and the HTV cargo craft on 21 March 2011. [344] Minami-Kesennuma Station on the Kesennuma Line was obliterated save for its platform;[345] 62 of 70 (31 of 35) JR East train lines suffered damage to some degree;[255] in the worst-hit areas, 23 stations on 7 lines were washed away, with damage or loss of track in 680 locations and the 30-km radius around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant unable to be assessed. 1. Kyodo News, "Disney reality check for the stuck", List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, fourth most powerful earthquake in the world, Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer, Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, early warning system that detected the earthquake, Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties, Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi, Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, "Information on the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake", "Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures... 8 March 2019", "Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures... 8 June 2018", "M 9.1 – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan", "How the 2011 Earthquake in Japan Affected the Global Economy", "Japan Tsunami Strikes Indonesia, One Confirmed Dead", "Body found in Oregon identified as missing tsunami victim", Tsunami victim remains wash ashore near Fort Stevens, "Body of Calif. man killed by tsunami washes up", "New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest", "Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake", "Press Conference by Prime Minister Naoto Kan", "Quake shifted Japan coast about 13 feet, knocked Earth 6.5 inches off axis", "The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake ~first report~", Abstract of the 191th [sic!] [150][151] Also largely destroyed was Rikuzentakata, where the tsunami was three stories high. Because of conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation. [94], The Earth's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in). With damage to so many power plants, it was feared it might be years before a long-term solution could be found. [221] 236 children were orphaned in the prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima by the disaster;[222][223] 1,580 children lost either one or both parents,[224] 846 in Miyagi, 572 in Iwate, and 162 in Fukushima. [300] Over 200,000 people were evacuated. [58] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions. However, the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the teleseismometers within Japan, and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers. 3. (Some geologists argue that this portion of the Eurasian Plate is actually a fragment of the North American Plate called the Okhotsk microplate.) [38] Residents of Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away. [304] As the nuclear crisis entered a second month, experts said that Fukushima Daiichi, while not the worst nuclear accident ever, was the most complicated. The aftershocks will thus taper off in time, but could continue for years. Embed Share. Nach dem schwersten Erdbeben in der Geschichte Japans überflutete am 11. [326] The plant was shut down as a precaution. Two days of seismic activity made available by the IRIS Consortium were compressed into two minutes of sound. [114], The number of aftershocks was associated with decreased health across Japan. He holds an M.A. [111], As of 16 March 2012 aftershocks continued, totaling 1887 events over magnitude 4.0; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven days[112] showed over 20 events. [100], Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted three days after the earthquake. Japan was hit by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011, that triggered a deadly 23-foot tsunami in the country's north. A magnitude 7.4 Mw at 15:08 (JST), 7.9 Mw at 15:15 and a 7.7 Mw quake at 15:26 all occurred on 11 March. The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, primarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. [172] Also, at the slope of a nearby mountain from 400 metres (1,300 ft) away at Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港) of Omoe peninsula (重茂半島) in Miyako, Iwate, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found estimated tsunami run up height of 38.9 metres (128 ft). Scientific information about the Tōhoku earthquake, Satellite Photos of Japan, Before and After the Quake and Tsunami, Japan in Crisis: A Series of Interviews with Scholars by Peter Shea at the University of Minnesota, Special: The Tōhoku-Oki Earthquake, Japan, Japan Gigantic Earthquake and Tsunami 2011, The East Japan Earthquake Archive (Testimonies of survivors, Photographs and Videos on Google Earth), PreventionWeb Great East Japan Earthquake 2011, Interactive Comparisons of Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Map to chronicle all known disasters in Japan from 416–2013, Foundation of the Covenant official and international dedicated to the victims of the tsunami, Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity, Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=1008331411, 2011 natural disasters in the United States, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from February 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Port of Hachinohe area – 8–9 metres (26–30 ft), Sendai section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 8 metres (26 ft). It was preceded by several foreshocks, including a magnitude-7.2 event centred approximately 25 miles (40 km) away from the epicentre of the main quake. [321] Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan. Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing. Subscribe Share. [176][177], In response to the aforementioned shortcomings in the tsunami warning system, JMA began an investigation in 2011 and updated their system in 2013. [36], The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it was rated as a "major tsunami", being at least 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. [339] Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland. [118][119] The warning for the general public was delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred. [56] By summer the Vice-minister for Economy, Trade and Industry, the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy had all lost their jobs. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees. [139][140] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it. [381] Other nationwide Japanese and international TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Major railways began running trains at 10–20 minute intervals, rather than the usual 3–5 minute intervals, operating some lines only at rush hour and completely shutting down others; notably, the Tōkaidō Main Line, Yokosuka Line, Sōbu Main Line and Chūō-Sōbu Line were all stopped for the day. [259] The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March. [113], As of 11 March 2016[update] there had been 869 aftershocks of 5.0 Mw or greater, 118 of 6.0 Mw or greater, and 9 over 7.0 Mw as reported by the Japanese Meteorological Agency. [368][369] In the area near the trench, the coupling coefficient is high, which could act as the source of the large tsunami. A spill of a couple of litres of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa. In the fall of 2016 Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED; Japanese abbreviation, Bosai Kaken; full name Bousai Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho) launched the online interactive "Disaster Chronology Map for Japan, 416–2013" (map labels in Japanese) to display in visual form the location, disaster time, and date across the islands. [162] The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima, Miyagi, isolating the island's 900 residents. [255] A total of 319 fishing ports, about 10% of Japan's fishing ports, were damaged in the disaster. [353] This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home. Cabinet Office Disaster Management, Government of Japan (2015). [337] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed. The 2011 tsunami affected over 500 kilometres of the Japanese coastline. [278] The public and other companies were also encouraged to conserve electricity in the 2011 summer months (Setsuden). Most of these deaths occurred during the first six months after the earthquake and the number dropped thereafter, but as time has passed, the number has continued to increase. [386], According to Jake Adelstein, most Japanese media accepted and parroted the misinformation put out by the Japanese government and TEPCO about the unfolding Fukushima nuclear crisis. The earthquake was so strong that it shifted Earth on its axis. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. From the averaged coupling coefficient of 0.5–0.8 in the source area and the seismic moment, it was estimated that the slip deficit of this earthquake was accumulated over a period of 260–880 years, which is consistent with the recurrence interval of such great earthquakes estimated from the tsunami deposit data. However, these scales "saturate" for earthquakes that are above a certain magnitude (magnitude 8 on the JMA scale); that is, in the case of very large earthquakes, the scales' values change little despite large differences in the earthquakes' energy. The earthquake struck below the North Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 miles) east of Sendai, the largest city in the Tohoku region, a northern part of the island of Honshu. [39] These data are expected to be used in a variety of ways, providing unprecedented information about how buildings respond to shaking, and other effects. In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces (under Joint Task Force – Tōhoku, led by Lieutenant General Eiji Kimizuka), while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. [230] Among them were two English teachers from the United States affiliated with the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program;[231] a Canadian missionary in Shiogama;[232] and citizens of China, North and South Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan and the Philippines. Tsunami in Japan 2011: Der Tag, an dem die Riesenwelle kam. [261] Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the morning. The magnitude-9.0 earthquake struck at 2:46 pm. KGW estimates that more than 1 million tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean. The March 11 temblor was felt as far away as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia; Kao-hsiung, Taiwan; and Beijing, China. [251][252], An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster. [307] In February 2019, there were 42 operable reactors in Japan. [40][75] The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) per year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate, building large amounts of elastic energy. [239], Noted individual fatalities within Japan included 104-year-old Takashi Shimokawara, holder of the world athletics records in the men's shot put, discus throw and javelin throw for the over-100 age category. In Sendai, a 145,000-barrel (23,100 m3)-per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, JX Nippon Oil & Energy, was also set ablaze by the quake. [218][219][220][220], Save the Children reports that as many as 100,000 children were uprooted from their homes, some of whom were separated from their families because the earthquake occurred during the school day. [55][267] By 21 March 2011, this number fell to 1.04 million. (The early estimate of magnitude 8.9 was later revised upward.) Clay lubricated the fault zone in the Japan trench, producing the devastating tsunami, researchers say. [173] It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture.   It was the fifth most powerful earthquake ever recorded, and within 30 minutes, a 133-foot high tsunami pummeled Japan's northeastern shoreline. [262][263][264] Reportedly, some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely failed. Part 2: From Religious Mobilization to "Spiritual Care. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ-2011-000028-JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center. This earthquake followed by a tsunami hit Japan after a lapse of 1200 years. The temblor completely released centuries of built up stress between … [298] Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. [322] On 5 April 2011, the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive caesium above legal limits. In 2011, a tsunami the height of a 12-story building slammed into Japan at 500 mph. The report also stated that the quake had caused several major landslides on the seabed in the affected area. Japan specifically requested assistance from teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the United States. [174], A Japanese government study found that 58% of people in coastal areas in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground. [152][153] Other cities destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Kamaishi, Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada (in Iwate Prefecture), Namie, Sōma, and Minamisōma (in Fukushima Prefecture) and Shichigahama, Higashimatsushima, Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma (in Miyagi Prefecture). [320] Many radioactive hotspots were found outside the evacuation zone, including Tokyo. [272] The reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi and Fukushima Dai-ni plants were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and sustained major damage from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. [394] However, occurring as it did 373 km (232 mi) north east of Tokyo, the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists. The earthquake and the tragic losses had been served as a significant inspiration for the Japan women's national football team, in which, in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, managed to create the greatest giant-killing ever in the history where Japan came from nothing to become world champions despite the devastating earthquake and lack of funding for the team; the Nadeshiko itself also unveiled banner to thank global support despite adverse situations at home. This resulted in an underestimation of the tsunami's height in initial reports. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [197][198] There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities. [248], Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. [273] Voluntary reductions in electricity use by consumers in the Kanto area helped reduce the predicted frequency and duration of the blackouts. [190] Some other South Pacific countries, including Tonga and New Zealand, and US territories American Samoa and Guam, experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage. [164], On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. [76] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture. It is estimated that the initial tsunami wave took 10 to 30 minutes to make its first landfall. [195][196] In the Galápagos Islands, 260 families received assistance following a 3 m (9.8 ft) surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake, after the tsunami warning had been lifted. [92] On 6 April the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 metres (79 ft) and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture by 3 metres (9.8 ft). All damaged dams are functioning with no problems. [6][7] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 Mw by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 Mw, then to 8.9 Mw,[64] and then finally to 9.0 Mw. NHK BS News reported 2011-04-03-02:55 JST, One estimate of 10–15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the, Another estimate of 15–30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the. [259] Eleven airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base. [371][372][373] In Tokyo, there was damage to Koishikawa Kōrakuen, Rikugien, Hamarikyū Onshi Teien, and the walls of Edo Castle. It was the worst natural disaster in the nation's history, and it traumatized the survivors. [266], In the immediate aftermath of the calamity, at least 1.5 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies. The largest fault slip ever recorded caused the tsunami that hit Japan. Het epicentrum van de beving, die een kracht van 9,0 - 9,1 op de momentmagnitudeschaal had, bevond zich voor de kust van de prefectuur Miyagi op circa 370 km ten noordoosten van de Japanse hoofdstad Tokio en circa … Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Jordbävningen vid Tōhoku 2011 var en kraftig jordbävning som inträffade fredagen den 11 mars 2011 klockan 14.46 lokal tid med magnitud 8,9–9,1.
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