THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA. They were created in the ninth century, and both belong to the mutili group. On Famous Grammarians and Rhetoricians, 10. "Princeps historiae Romanae: Sallust in Renaissance political thought", p. 101, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sallust&oldid=1008001638, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. And to the delight of moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be. There is also a unique scroll Codex Vaticanus 3864, known as "V". [42] Whether or not he intended to "unite all the Berbers in a patriotic war" following the vision of Masinissa (see above) is uncertain. He brings his narrative to a climax in a senatorial debate concerning the fate of the conspirators, which took place on Dec. 5, 63. [216] C.M.C. [25][26] In 46 BC, he served as a praetor and accompanied Caesar in his African campaign, which ended in the decisive defeat of the remains of the Pompeian war party at Thapsus. [44][45] Fronto used ancient words collected by Sallust to provide "archaic coloring" for his works. [50] In the thirteenth century Sallust's passage on the expansion of the Roman Republic (Cat. Sallust's Jugurthine War is a monograph recording the war against Jugurtha in Numidia from c. 112 BC to 105 BC. According to Hieronymus Stridonensis, Sallust later became the second husband of Cicero's ex-wife Terentia. He makes no attack on the structure of the Roman state. in Amiternum; 13. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Sallust: The Conspiracy Of Catiline And The War Of Jugurtha. The office, originally designed to represent the lower classes, by Sallust’s time had developed into one of the most powerful magistracies. While these events were not of lasting significance, Sallust’s experience of the political strife of that year provided a major theme for his writings. Historians regret the loss of the work, as it must have thrown much light on a very eventful period, embracing the war against Sertorius (died 72 BC), the campaigns of Lucullus against Mithradates VI of Pontus (75-66 BC), and the victories of Pompey in the East (66–62 BC). However, there is no conclusive evidence about this, and some scholars suppose that Sallust did not become a quaestor — the practice of violating the cursus honorum was common in the last years of the Republic. His only recorded action was unsuccessful. [58] The "V" scroll also includes two anonymous letters to Caesar probably from Sallust,[58] but their authenticity is debated (see above). Hints of hostility to the Triumvirate on Sallust’s part may be detected in both Bellum Jugurthinum and the Histories. Among those who borrowed information from his works were Silius Italicus, Lucan, Plutarch, and Ammianus Marcellinus. Among many scholars and historians interested in Sallust, the most notable are Leonardo Bruni, Coluccio Salutati and Niccolo Machiavelli. But he also had the backing of Italy’s dissatisfied veterans, impoverished peasants, and overburdened debtors. [33] The main source for this work is De Consulatu Suo by Cicero.[34]. Sallust uses Jugurtha to highlight the lust. It includes only speeches and letters from Catiline, Jugurtha and Histories. Earl D. C. "The Early Career of Sallust". The classification is based on the existence of the lacuna (gap) between 103.2 and 112.3 of the Jugurthine War. These gardens would later belong to the emperors. During the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages his works retained their popularity, and some influential early Christian theologists (Marcus Minucius Felix and Augustine of Hippo) knew his writings well. Metellus receives a deputation from Leptis, and sends a detachment thither—LXXVIII. "Princeps historiae Romanae", p. 121, Osmond P. J. Theodor Mommsen suggested that Sallust particularly wished to clear his patron (Caesar) of all complicity in the conspiracy. Tacitus speaks highly of him (Annals, iii.30); and Quintilian does not hesitate to put him on a level with Thucydides, and declares that he is a greater historian than Livy. "Princeps Historiae Romanae: Sallust in Renaissance Political Thought". Sallust describes the course of the conspiracy and the measures taken by the Senate and Cicero, who was then consul. As a reward for his services, Sallust was appointed governor of the province of Africa Nova — it is not clear why: Sallust was not a skilled general, and the province was militarily significant, with three legions deployed there. 1.42). [58] The creator of this manuscript changed the original word order and replaced archaisms with more familiar words. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (Suet. The situation of Leptis—LXXIX. Several manuscripts of his works survived due to his popularity in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. [51] During the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance Sallust's works began to influence political thought in Italy. [29] According to Procopius, when Alaric's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house.[30]. SALLUST. Sallust presents Catiline as a deliberate foe of law, order and morality, and does not give a comprehensive explanation of his views and intentions (Catiline had supported the party of Sulla, whom Sallust had opposed). But the significance of these citations for the reconstruction is uncertain, because occasionally the authors cited Sallust from memory, and some distortions were possible. 2 At what periods I obtained office, what sort of men, etc.] [5][15][16] He became a Tribune of the Plebs in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius in a street brawl. Sallust, Latin in full Gaius Sallustius Crispus, (born c. 86 bc, Amiternum, Samnium [now San Vittorino, near L’Aquila, Italy]—died 35/34 bc), Roman historian and one of the great Latin literary stylists, noted for his narrative writings dealing with political personalities, corruption, and party rivalry. Sallust — /ˈsæləst/ (say saluhst) noun (Caius Sallustius Crispus), 86–34 BC, Roman historian and statesman; noted for his Cataline Conspiracy (43–42 BC) and War of Jugurtha (41–40 BC) … Australian English dictionary [60] The probability that all these scrolls came from one or more ancient manuscripts is debated.[61]. Many ancient authors cited Sallust, and sometimes their citations of Histories are the only source for reconstruction of this work. The extant fragments of the Histories (some discovered in 1886) show sufficiently well the political partisan, who took a keen pleasure in describing the reaction against Sulla's policy and legislation after the dictator's death. Indeed, alarmed contemporaries may have exaggerated the significance of the incident; yet, had the government not acted as firmly as it did (effectively declaring martial law), a catastrophe could have occurred. For the philosopher, see. The Histories, of which only fragments remain, describes the history of Rome from 78 to at least 67 bc on a year-to-year basis. His retirement may have been voluntary, as he himself maintains, or forced upon him by the withdrawal of Julius Caesar’s favour or even by Caesar’s assassination in 44. ” The same as insolenter, though some refer it, not to Sallust, but to quis existumet, in the sense of strangely, i.e. In any case, his knowledge of his own former weaknesses may have led him to take a pessimistic view of the morality of his fellow men, and to judge them severely. We must therefore avoid even the famous terseness of Sallust (though in his case of course it is a merit), and shun all abruptness of speech, since a style which presents no difficulty to a leisurely reader, flies past a hearer and will not stay to be looked at again.[49]. Two years later, designated praetor, he was sent to quell a mutiny among Caesar’s troops, again without success. Louis MacKay proposed a different dating. Two letters (Duae epistolae de republica ordinanda), letters of political counsel and advice addressed to Caesar, and an attack upon Cicero (Invectiva or Declamatio in Ciceronem), frequently attributed to Sallust, are thought by modern scholars to have come from the pen of a rhetorician of the first century AD, along with a counter-invective attributed to Cicero. An examination of the idealized image of Rome before 146 b.c. [5], There is no information about Sallust's parents or family,[11] except for Tacitus' mention of his sister. "Princeps historiae Romanae: Sallust in Renaissance political thought", Osmond P. J. The latter was a candidate for consul. ... Catiline S War Is Discussed Sallust Monograph Bellum Catilinae 43 42 Bc Catiline S War Deals With Corruption In Roman Politics By Tracing The Conspiracy In late summer 47 BC a group of soldiers rebelled near Rome, demanding their discharge and payment for service. 1 XXVII. Sallust’s political career ended soon after his return to Rome. His monographs excel in suggesting larger themes in the treatment of particular episodes. Obwohl König Micipsa ihm nicht vertraut und auch versucht, ihn auszuschalten, gelingt es diesem, gleichberechtigter Thronfolger zu werden und zu bleiben. Sallust is somewhat limited as a historian; his work shows many instances of anachronisms, inaccuracies, and prejudice; the geography of the Bellum Jugurthinum scarcely reveals personal acquaintance with North Africa; he treats the destruction of Carthage in 146 bc as the beginning of the Roman crisis, whereas symptoms were clearly visible before that date. In 49 Sallust sought refuge with Julius Caesar, and, when the civil war between Caesar and Pompey broke out in that year, he was placed in command of one of Caesar’s legions. 7.4 ff (41) According to Sallust, Jugurtha was corrupted and given ambition by unnamed Romans whom he met while campaigning with Scipio Aemilianus in Spain. 40 : C. Mamilius tr. At one time Marcus Porcius Latro was considered a candidate for the authorship of the pseudo-Sallustian corpus, but this view is no longer commonly held. Postumius Albinus: 37–38 : Defeat and surrender of Albinus’ brother (Dec.?) 7) was cited and interpreted by theologian Thomas Aquinas and scholar Brunetto Latini. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [56], Nietzsche credits Sallust in Twilight of the Idols[57] for his epigrammatic style: "My sense of style, for the epigram as a style, was awakened almost instantly when I came into contact with Sallust" and praises him for being "compact, severe, with as much substance as possible, a cold sarcasm against 'beautiful words' and 'beautiful sentiments'." The evidence that Sallust held a quaestorship, an administrative office in finance, sometimes dated about 55, is unreliable. 39 : Senate rejects treaty (Jan. However, Vretska relies on the false assumption that the ancients could not conceive of a genuinely changing character, and hence that Sallust must be presenting Jugurtha as vicious from the … Oktober 86 v. Chr. Several fragments of Sallust's works survived in papyri of the second to fourth centuries AD. Sallust struck out practically a new line in literature for himself: his predecessors had been little better than mere dry-as-dust chroniclers, but he endeavoured to explain the connection and meaning of events and successfully delineated character. In 46 he took part in Caesar’s African campaign (with modest success), and, when Africa Nova was formed from Numidian territory (modern Algeria), Sallust became its first governor. The lesson… Sallust then retired from public life and devoted himself to historical literature, and further developed his Gardens, upon which he spent much of his accumulated wealth. Nach dem Tod Micipsas kämpfen seine beiden Söhne, Adherbal und Hiempsal, und deren Halbbruder, Iugurtha, um die Herrschaft. [39], Sallust avoids common words from public speeches of contemporary Roman political orators, such as honestas, humanitas, consensus. Sallust then supported the prosecution of Milo. Diximus directly involves the reader, 42 On the narrative voice in general, see Genette 1993, 54-84; on Sallust as narrator, Du 2000, who discusses tragic and poetic elements in the Jugurtha, especi ally in Adherbals speech to the Senate ( BI 14). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Renehan, R. "A Traditional Pattern of Imitation in Sallust and his Sources", This page was last edited on 21 February 2021, at 01:38. [10][32] The work does not show any traces of personal experience, and the most common explanation is that Sallust was absent from Rome on military service during this period. Sallust: The Conspiracy Of Catiline And The War Of Jugurtha - Kindle edition by Curtius, Quintus. Sallust is the earliest known Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which Catiline's War (about the conspiracy in 63 BC of L. Sergius Catilina), The Jugurthine War (about Rome's war against the Numidian King Jugurtha from 111 to 105 BC), and the Histories (of which only fragments survive) are still extant. entstanden.. Hauptthema des Werkes ist weniger die Schilderung des … He remained in office until 45 or early 44. [4][5][13] They belonged to the equestrian order and had full Roman citizenship. FREE Shipping ... Sallust (Gaius Sallustius ... Jugurtha, the most important aspects of the work are on the transformation of the Roman army from amateur soldier-farmer landowners to a professional corps that admitted anyone. [19], According to one inscription, some Sallustius (with unclear praenomen) was a proquaestor in Syria in 50 BC under Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. 1.42). [2], Sallust was probably born in Amiternum in Central Italy,[3][4][5] though Eduard Schwartz takes the view that Sallust's birthplace was Rome. ... 41.1-42.5 Sallust's famous conception of the origins and reasons for civil strife in Rome. The anonymous “Invective Against Sallust” alleges immorality as the cause, but the real reason may have been politics. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (deutsch Sallust; * 1. Catiline was supported by certain members of the upper classes who were prompted either by ambition or by the hope of solving their financial problems by Catiline’s accession to power. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1961. According to him, Sallust once used the word transgressus meaning generally "passage [by foot]" for a platoon which crossed the sea (the usual word for this type of crossing was transfretatio). 109?) Das Reich wird in zwei Hälften aufgeteilt, Iugurtha ist jedoch mit seiner Hälfte nicht zufrieden, so dass er einen … Understanding this gives a poignancy to Sallust's writing that is roiling with passion and sadness underneath the clipped stoicism of the surface prose. Sallust, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus also tried to blame Cicero, one of the leaders of the Senators' opposition to the triumvirate, for his support of Milo. Sallust himself was influenced by Thucydides more than by any other Greek writer. “ Quibus ego tomporibus magistratus adeptus sum, et quales viri, ” etc. The most ancient scrolls which survive are the Codex Parisinus 16024 and Codex Parisinus 16025, known as "P" and "A" respectively. In 50 BC, the censor Appius Claudius Pulcher removed him from the Senate on the grounds of gross immorality (probably really because of his opposition to Milo and Cicero). (Mart. [35], The style of works written by Sallust was well known in Rome. chapter 42. chapter 43. chapter 44. chapter 45. chapter 46. chapter 47 ... residing in the town of Thirmida, happened to occupy the house of a man, who, being Jugurtha's chief lictor, 1 had always been liked and favored by his master. Upon returning to Rome, Sallust was accused of extortion and of plundering his province, but through Caesar’s intervention he was never brought to trial according to the “Invective Against Sallust,” as reported by Dio Cassius. From the beginning of his public career, Sallust operated as a decided partisan of Julius Caesar, to whom he owed such political advancement as he attained. Political turmoil in Rome during the late republic had social and economic causes (not overlooked by Sallust), but essentially it took the form of a power struggle between the aristocratic group in control of the Senate and those senators who enlisted popular support to challenge the oligarchy. I am about to relate the war which the Roman people carried on with Jugurtha, King of the Numidians; first, because it was great, sanguinary, and of varied fortune; and secondly, because then, for the first time, opposition was offered to the power of the nobility; a contest which threw every thing, religious and civil, into confusion, 1 and was carried to such a height of madness, … Leipzig: Teubner, 1935. Scanlon, T. “Textual Geography in Sallust’s The War with Jugurtha.” foolishly or ignorantly. [53] During the French Wars of Religion, De coniuratione Catilinae became widely known as a tutorial on disclosing conspiracies. Gram. Sallust, as praetor designatus, with several other senators, was sent to persuade the soldiers to abstain, but the rebels killed two senators, and Sallust narrowly escaped death. [23] In 49 BC Sallust was moved to Illyricum and probably commanded at least one legion there after the failure of Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gaius Antonius. In particular, Sallust shows Catiline as deeply courageous in his final battle. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. gegen den Numiderkönig Jugurtha führten, und ist um das Jahr 40 v. Chr. [36], Consider his use of archaic words. [46] In the second century AD Zenobius translated his works into Ancient Greek.[44]. But his own experiences in politics imbued his analysis and his idiom with an energy and passion that compel the attention of readers. The ethnography of [59] The oldest integri scrolls were created in the eleventh century AD. [42], On the whole, antiquity looked favourably on Sallust as a historian. [28] However prominent scholars of Roman prosopography such as Ronald Syme refute this as a legend. By the Sempronian law] “ Lege Semproniâ. SALLUST'S JUGURTHA: CONCORD, DISCORD, AND DIGRESSIONS 49 the semi-legendary story of Harmodius and Aristogeiton to explain Athenian attitudes to tyranny (6. Sallust’s last work, the annalistic Histories in five books, is much more expansive than his monographs on Catiline and Jugurtha (LCL 116), treating the whole of Roman history at home and abroad in the post-Sullan age. In the early ages of the republic, the provinces were decreed by the senate to the consuls after they were elected; but by this law, passed A.U.C. [22] In 48 BC he was probably made quaestor by Caesar to[clarification needed] re-enter the Senate. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sallust, The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture - Biography of Charles Joseph Finger. [4], After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as quaestor in 55 BC. Thus, he embarked on a political career as a novus homo (“new man”); that is, he was not born into the ruling class, which was an accident that influenced both the content and tone of his historical judgments. bribes. [43], His books were sometimes used by authors of the first and second centuries AD, especially after imitations of archaic style gained popularity. Henrik Ibsen's first play was Catiline, based on Sallust's story.[50]. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) ... Jugurtha. However, Sallust successfully managed the organization of supply and transportation, and these qualities could have determined Caesar's choice. The latter prediction does not include events covered in the war against Jugurtha, but in several places Sallust will foreshadow the coming conflict. At (App. Jugurtha summoned to Rome: 35: Jugurtha brings about murder of Massiva (early 110?) ” This was the Lex Sempronia de Provinciis. 36–39 : Year Two (110 BC) 36 : Campaign of the consul Sp. Some words used by Sallust (for example, antecapere, portatio, incruentus, incelebratus, incuriosus), are not known in other writings before him. Latte, K. Sallust. According to Suetonius, Lucius Ateius Praetextatus (Philologus) helped Sallust to collect them. The history of the Philæni—LXXX-LXXXI. Because of electoral disturbances in 53, there were no regular government officials other than the tribunes, and the next year opened in violence that led to the murder of Clodius Pulcher, a notorious demagogue and candidate for the praetorship (a magistracy ranking below that of consul), by a gang led by Titus Annius Milo. 53-4). [10] Michael Grant cautiously offers 80s BC. During the Civil War of 49–45 BC Sallust acted as Caesar's partisan, but his role was not significant, so his name is not mentioned in the dictator's Commentarii de Bello Civili. In writing about the conspiracy of Catiline, Sallust's tone, style, and descriptions of aristocratic behavior show that he was deeply troubled by the moral decline of Rome. The tradition about his morals seems to have originated in scurrilous gossip and by a confusion between the historian and his adopted son, Augustus’s minister Sallustius Crispus, a man of great wealth and luxurious tastes. In 50 Sallust was expelled from the Senate. They are believed to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of archaic words. Moreover, his successors as governor were experienced military men. (App. XIV, 191) Martial. [41] Sallust also often uses antithesis, alliterations and chiasmus. Sallust was a Roman politician and friend of Julius Caesar who after retiring from statesmanship wrote literary-historical works that describe some of … Africa was at first inhabited by Gaetulians and Libyans, rough and uncivilized folk, whose food was the flesh of wild animals and fodder of the ground, like cattle’s. It is characterized by brevity and by the use of rare words and turns of phrase. [38] "The Conspiracy of Catiline" reflects many features of style that were developed in his later works. But the responsibility for its reliability will rest with my authorities. [6] His birth date is calculated from the report of Jerome's Chronicon. a loyal client king, protecting his own position. Its true value lies in the introduction of Marius and Sulla to the Roman political scene and the beginning of their rivalry. In the final analysis, it seems that he was. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (/ˈsæləst/; 86 – c. 35 BC),[1] was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. 8.1-2 According to Sallust, Jugurtha was corrupted and given ambition by unnamed Romans whom he met while campaigning with Scipio Aemilianus in Spain. the war with jugurtha. Mankind unreasonably complain of their nature, that, being weak and short-lived, it is governed by chance rather than intellectual power; 1 for, on the contrary, you will find, upon reflection, that there is nothing more noble or excellent, and that to nature is wanting rather human industry than ability or time. His first monograph, Bellum Catilinae (43–42 bc; Catiline’s War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining it legally. [12] The Sallustii were a provincial noble family of Sabine origin. sallust i the war with catiline the war with jugurtha. [17] Syme suggests that Sallust, because of his position in Milo's trial, did not originally support Caesar.