By the end of August, 4th Panzer Group had penetrated to within 48 kilometres (30 miles) of Leningrad. By the end of July, the Germans were regularly killing women and children. A referendum on continued membership of the Common Market was held in 1975, with 67.2% of the population voting in favour of Britain remaining a member. [307] The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum, and the highest for any national vote since the 1992 general election. [158] About 7,133–9,100 of these were deployed in the five western military districts,[n][158][12][13] and an additional 1445 were under naval control. [349][350], Within hours of the result's announcement, a petition, calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60% of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75%, attracted tens of thousands of new signatures. "[32] Before and during the invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops were heavily indoctrinated with anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic, and anti-Slavic ideology via movies, radio, lectures, books, and leaflets. For instance, the Soviet invasion of Bukovina in June 1940 went beyond their sphere of influence as agreed with Germany. The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. Well before the German invasion, Marshal Semyon Timoshenko referred to the Germans as the Soviet Union's "most important and strongest enemy", and as early as July 1940, the Red Army Chief of Staff, Boris Shaposhnikov, produced a preliminary three-pronged plan of attack for what a German invasion might look like, remarkably similar to the actual attack. Johnson then extended the negotiation period again until 31 January. [286] At the same time, the supply situation for the Germans rapidly deteriorated. Victory will be ours! [273] With Army Norway switching its main effort further south, the front stalemated in this sector. [262] Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK's economy, citing that the country's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration. Furthermore, that over the period from the announcement of the referendum, the exchange rate fluctuated markedly around its trend and one can also identify a larger effect based on the “wrong-footing” of markets at the point when the outcome was announced[170] . Voting took place from 0700 BST (WEST) until 2200 BST (Same hours CEST in Gibraltar) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas, with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters. [380][381] Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,[382] Nigeria[381] and Kenya. [409] In February 2017, he called on the GCHQ intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference. [214] Starting on the night of 23 June, the Soviet 22nd and 15th Mechanized Corps attacked the flanks of the 1st Panzer Group from north and south respectively. [66] [243][244], Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question, with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56% compared with 30% who prefer to remain in,[245] while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43% versus those opposed 36%. [129], The Soviet Air Force (VVS) held the numerical advantage with a total of approximately 19,533 aircraft, which made it the largest air force in the world in the summer of 1941. [328][329] Conveniently for the Nazis, the fact that the Soviets failed to sign the convention played into their hands as they justified their behavior accordingly. Often, after a single engagement, units were destroyed or rendered ineffective. However, when the result for Sunderland was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Led Zeppelin started planning "Stairway" in early 1970 when they decided to create a new, epic song to replace "Dazed And Confused" as the centerpiece of their concerts.Jimmy Page would work on the song in an 8-track studio he had installed in his boathouse, trying out different sections on guitar. "[238] On the other hand, many historians argued in favour of leaving, seeing it as a return to self-sovereignty. He comes back to South Korea after finishing work abroad. [162] Suvorov's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians, including Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov, and Vladimir Nevezhin, and attracted public attention in Germany, Israel, and Russia. [312] Despite the rapid relocation of Red Army armaments production east of the Urals and a dramatic increase of production in 1942, especially of armour, new aircraft types and artillery, the Wehrmacht was able to mount another large-scale offensive in July 1942, although on a much reduced front than the previous summer. [125], During Stalin's Great Purge in the late-1930s, which had not ended by the time of the German invasion on 22 June 1941, much of the officer corps of the Red Army was executed or imprisoned and their replacements, appointed by Stalin for political reasons, often lacked military competence. This decision came after mounting pressure for a free vote for ministers. [62] When German soldiers swam across the Bug River to warn the Red Army of an impending attack, they were treated like enemy agents and shot. The situation was different in eastern Karelia. On 7 December Finland called a stop to all offensive operations, going onto the defensive. [146], Richard Branson stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU. [240] Panzer commander Heinz Guderian was sent to Hitler by Bock and Halder to argue their case for continuing the assault against Moscow, but Hitler issued an order through Guderian (bypassing Bock and Halder) to send Army Group Center's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow. [70][71], Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens (or were also citizens) of the Republic of Ireland, of Malta, or of the Republic of Cyprus. Oliver Wright, Lucy Fisher & Sean O'Neill, United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016, United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation, Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union, R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, Continuing United Kingdom relationship with the European Union, European Union (Future Relationship) Bill, Trade deal negotiation between the UK and EU, EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), Proposed second Scottish independence referendum, Proposed European Constitution referendum, Department for Exiting the European Union, Parl. [147] While transportation remained insufficient for Red Army forces, when Operation Barbarossa kicked off, they possessed some 33,000 pieces of artillery, a number far greater than the Germans had at their disposal. Following the defeat of Operation Zitadelle, the Soviets launched counter-offensives employing six million men along a 2,400-kilometre (1,500 mi) front towards the Dnieper River as they drove the Germans westwards. In addition, the Pripyat Marshes and the Carpathian Mountains posed a serious challenge to the army group's northern and southern sections respectively. They said: "As historians of Britain and of Europe, we believe that Britain has had in the past, and will have in the future, an irreplaceable role to play in Europe. [164][165] After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered. [322] Additionally according to YouGov, only 54% of 25- to 49-year-olds voted 'remain', whilst 60% of 50- to 64-year-olds and 64% of over-65s voted 'leave', meaning that the support for 'remain' was not as strong outside the youngest demographic. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes, before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. Facing only one division of the Soviet 7th Army it was able to make rapid headway. [citation needed], In February 2016, the finance ministers from the G20 major economies warned for the UK to leave the EU would lead to "a shock" in the global economy. [43] The main guideline for German troops was "Where there's a partisan, there's a Jew, and where there's a Jew, there's a partisan", or "The partisan is where the Jew is". Its goal was to execute a two-pronged pincer movement on the strategic port of Murmansk, named Operation Silver Fox. [270], After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded, Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbass region and the Crimea. It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum. [147] The Soviet numerical advantage in heavy equipment was thoroughly offset by the superior training and organization of the Wehrmacht. The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanized Corps, which engaged the German 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division, where it was defeated by antitank fire and Luftwaffe attacks. Germany therefore sought to provoke the Soviet Union into an attack on Finland. [220] Subsequent counterattacks to buy time for the withdrawal were launched against the German forces, but all of them failed. [22] The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013, and outlined its plans for renegotiation followed by an in-out vote (i.e. [204] Hermann Göring, Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, distrusted the reports and ordered the figure checked. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for Office of Communications (Ofcom) to define the role that broadcasters were expected to play.[386]. By 16 July, the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja, achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces. Beginning in March 1941, Göring's Green Folder laid out details for the Soviet economy after conquest. [57] In contrast to the Labour Party's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband, acting Labour leader Harriet Harman committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017.[58]. la 1601/41 on 22 September 1941, which accorded Hitler's plans. [143], At the start of the invasion, the manpower of the Soviet military force that had been mobilized was 5.3–5.5 million,[2][144] and it was still increasing as the Soviet reserve force of 14 million, with at least basic military training, continued to mobilize. [195] Moscow not only failed to grasp the magnitude of the catastrophe that confronted the Soviet forces in the border area, but Stalin's first reaction was also disbelief. [356], Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in history – more men, tanks, guns and aircraft were deployed than in any other offensive. Glantz and House use the expression "The Great Patriotic War", which is the Soviet name for the Second World War—but this term represents by and large, the contest between the U.S.S.R. and Nazi Germany. Southern Finland was still under the responsibility of the Finnish Army. [199] Additional Luftwaffe attacks were carried out against Soviet command and control centers in order to disrupt the mobilization and organization of Soviet forces. [335], On 24 June 2016, a Polish school in Cambridgeshire was vandalised with a sign reading "Leave the EU. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for Revolver, although neither appear on that album. ", "Teenager who killed Polish man with a punch sentenced to three years", "Polish ex-MP: Juncker right to raise Essex 'hate crime' murder", "Nigel Farage 'blood on his hands' controversy: Media monitor blasts 'sensationalist' BBC", "The BBC's slur has caused my family misery", "Second EU referendum petition investigated for fraud", "Second EU Referendum Petition Started By Leave Voter William Oliver Healey", "Brexit Redux? [320] By January 1945, Soviet military might was aimed at the German capital of Berlin. [156] The CEO of Vauxhall stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business. [362] Stalin's fear of resurgent German power and his distrust of his erstwhile allies contributed to Soviet pan-Slavic initiatives and a subsequent alliance of Slavic states. [235], A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92% intended to vote to leave the EU. [77] (See Reasons for delay. [357] The invasion opened up the Eastern Front, the war's largest theater, which saw clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years and killed 26 million Soviet people, including about 8.6 million Red army soldiers. [168] The majority of historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941, as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces. [397] The maximum possible fine was £20,000. [83][84] In April, the Electoral Commission announced that Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave were to be designated as the official remain and leave campaigns respectively. [50], The Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East"), prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. Instead, they claim that orthodox economic theory has guided poor economic policy such as investment and that has been the cause of problems within the British economy. [44] The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom's existing opt-outs in the European Union and the UK rebate. [citation needed] On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, losing £98 billion in value. [167] David Glantz and Gabriel Gorodetsky wrote books to rebut Suvorov's arguments. On 1 October the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist swept south to encircle the two attacking Soviet armies. [318][319], EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales. [80], 3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards, due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress, an electoral software supplier to a number of councils. The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented, unlike, for example, the Republic of Ireland, where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in its constitution. In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. [372] Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that "Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so. [248], Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes. The operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in history. Simultaneously Finland proceeded to remilitarize the neutral Åland Islands. [280], There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK's membership of NATO and the United Nations. [351][352][353] On 26 June, Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns. [320] Those in lower social grades (especially the 'working class') were more likely to vote Leave, while those in higher social grades (especially the 'upper middle class') were more likely to vote Remain. The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France. The VVS, although faced with the same weather difficulties, had a clear advantage thanks to the prewar experience with cold-weather flying, and the fact that they were operating from intact airbases and airports. [298][299] David Cameron cancelled a planned rally in Gibraltar supporting British EU membership. However, Bock insisted on the order by stating that it would be irresponsible to reverse orders already issued. [27] Mass shootings and gassing operations, carried out by the Nazis or willing collaborators,[g] murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust.[29]. [398], In May 2018, the Electoral Commission fined Leave.EU £70,000 for unlawfully overspending by a minimum of £77,380 – exceeding the statutory spending limit by more than 10%, inaccurately reporting three loans it had received from Aaron Banks totalling £6 million including "a lack of transparency and incorrect reporting around who provided the loans, the dates the loans were entered into, the repayment date and the interest rate", and failing to provide the required invoices for "97 payments of over £200, totalling £80,224". [250][251], With the Soviet forces cut in half, the attack on the Karelian Isthmus could commence. [320] It also tended to be greater where there was a large flow of Eastern European migrants (mainly low-skilled workers) into areas with a large share of native low-skilled workers. [387][388], In February 2017, the Electoral Commission announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger in and Vote Leave, along with smaller parties, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts. [327], EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey. Northern Finland was the staging area for Army Norway. [79] Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite, Hitler was able to push through with a "war of annihilation" that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible with the complicity of "several military leaders", even though it was quite clear that this would be in violation of all accepted norms of warfare. ", "Nigel Farage and Carwyn Jones to go head-to-head to debate whether UK should stay in the EU", "Farage and Jones clash over steel in EU debate", "It's official: David Cameron will not debate another political leader on television before EU referendum", "The Andrew Neil Interviews: Leave or Remain? Vote Leave was the official group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, and was fronted by Conservative MPs Boris Johnson and Michael Gove, along with Labour MP Gisela Stuart. [346], The citizens of Leningrad were subjected to heavy bombardment and a siege that would last 872 days and starve more than a million people to death, of whom approximately 400,000 were children below the age of 14. [347] A BBC Newsnight report by John Sweeney showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner Nigel Farage had "blood on his hands". [268] Despite the exhaustion and losses facing some German units (upwards of 75 percent of their men) from the intense fighting, the massive defeat of the Soviets at Kiev and the Red Army losses during the first three months of the assault contributed to the German assumption that Operation Typhoon (the attack on Moscow) could still succeed. The article identified 13,493 Twitter accounts that posted a total of about 65,000 messages in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign, the vast majority campaigning for a "Leave" vote; they were deleted shortly after the referendum. [211] On 2 July, Army Group North began its attack on the Stalin Line with its 4th Panzer Group, and on 8 July captured Pskov, devastating the defenses of the Stalin Line and reaching Leningrad oblast. [310] Anger over the failed German offensives caused Hitler to relieve Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch of command and in his place, Hitler assumed personal control of the German Army on 19 December 1941. Cameron refused this request, saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced a short time from each other. Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans.The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the … [297] The two rival official campaigns agreed to suspend their activities as a mark of respect to Cox. [104] Historian Thomas B. Buell indicates that Finland and Romania, which weren't involved in initial German planning, needed additional time to prepare to participate in the invasion. The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the Act was: Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union? [194] In April 2016, eight former US Secretaries of the Treasury, who had served both Democratic and Republican presidents, urged Britain to remain in the EU. To defend Moscow, Stalin could field 800,000 men in 83 divisions, but no more than 25 divisions were fully effective. [341] All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders. When they attended the May 2012 NATO summit meeting, UK Prime Minister David Cameron, Foreign Secretary William Hague and Ed Llewellyn discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to energise the Eurosceptic wing of the Conservative Party. This became the basis for all subsequent Soviet war plans and the deployment of their armed forces in preparation for the German invasion. [415], According to Facebook, Russian-based operatives spent 97 cents to place three adverts on the social network in the run-up to the referendum, which were viewed 200 times. [32] The racial policy of Nazi Germany portrayed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by non-Aryan Untermenschen ("sub-humans"), ruled by Jewish Bolshevik conspirators. Excludes an additional 395,799 who were deemed unfit for service due to non-combat causes, transported out of their Army Group sectors for treatment, and treated in divisional/local medical facilities. [335] An estimated two million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation during Barbarossa alone. [102] Since April 1941, the Germans had begun setting up Operation Haifisch and Operation Harpune to substantiate their claims that Britain was the real target. [309] The Red Army's tenacity and ability to counter-attack effectively took the Germans as much by surprise as their own initial attack had the Soviets. Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the UK Government in the 2015–20 Parliament (which indirectly, as a result of the referendum itself, proved to last only two years) to holding such a referendum, a parliamentary research paper noted that: The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing, other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016. [235] According to Simon Wessely, head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London – neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, willing to speak out. The 2nd Panzer Group would attack Tula and then close on Moscow from the south. [193] Following the invasion, Goebbels instructed that Nazi propaganda use the slogan "European crusade against Bolshevism" to describe the war; subsequently thousands of volunteers and conscripts joined the Waffen-SS. [131], In the Soviet Union, speaking to his generals in December 1940, Stalin mentioned Hitler's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in Mein Kampf and Hitler's belief that the Red Army would need four years to ready itself. The area saw some of the world's largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties (for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum. [369] He was succeeded by Paul Nuttall on 28 November 2016. [86] Hitler and his generals disagreed on where Germany should focus its energy. [51][52] However, Angela Merkel said that the offer had not been made by the EU. They said Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic States would end up as only a further economic burden for Germany. [342], By September 2016, it was reported, according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop, that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147% in the three months after the referendum. [145][146] The Red Army was dispersed and still preparing when the invasion commenced. [45] On sovereignty, the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in "ever closer union"; these reassurances were "in line with existing EU law". A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European border states between their respective "spheres of influence": the Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany, and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun the Baltic states and Finland. [126][127][128] Of the five Marshals of the Soviet Union appointed in 1935, only Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny survived Stalin's purge. That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donbass and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north. The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. [306], The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 BST by then-Electoral Commission Chairwoman Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. We only have to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down. [402] The Electoral Commission referred the matter to the police. [332][333] On the eve of the invasion, German soldiers were informed that their battle "demands ruthless and vigorous measures against Bolshevik inciters, guerrillas, saboteurs, Jews and the complete elimination of all active and passive resistance". With the Finnish refusal to conduct further offensive operations and German inability to do so alone, the German-Finnish effort in central and northern Finland came to an end. [232][233], On 2 July and through the next six days, a rainstorm typical of Belarusian summers slowed the progress of the panzers of Army Group Center, and Soviet defences stiffened. The European Communities were formed in the 1950s – the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) and European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. In the UK, crimes are recorded as hate crimes based on the perception of the victim. [183] It took up to two hours for several of the units subordinate to the Fronts to receive the order of the directive,[183] and the majority did not receive it before the invasion commenced. "[188][189] By calling upon the population's devotion to their nation rather than the Party, Molotov struck a patriotic chord that helped a stunned people absorb the shattering news. Significant amounts of Soviet territory were lost along with Red Army forces as a result; it took several days before Stalin comprehended the magnitude of the calamity.
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